segunda-feira, 11 de fevereiro de 2019

Porta automática: acessibilidade além da facilidade

Basta se aproximar que ela se abre sozinha
O que você pensa quando se depara com uma porta automática? Quem é como eu, de cidade pequena, sempre encara como uma novidade tecnológica, soltando um sonoro “noooooooó” quando vê uma. Quem é de cidade grande provavelmente nem se dá conta de que passou por uma, pois o número de estabelecimentos que a utilizam é enorme. Mas essas são as impressões de quem não tem nenhuma dificuldade pra se locomover e tem, no ato de andar, a coisa mais comum do mundo. Mas e para quem tem dificuldade? Um cadeirante, por exemplo? O que uma porta automática representa para ele? 

Na nossa correria diária, nem sempre dedicamos um tempo pra pensar no significado dessas facilidades do dia-a-dia – e muitas vezes encaramos algumas delas até como “frescura”. Mas o que é bobagem para nós pode ser uma tremenda conquista para quem leva uma vida um pouco diferente da nossa – por exemplo, por uma deficiência motora. Para mim e talvez pra você, levantar da cadeira e abrir uma porta com maçaneta redonda é banal, mas e para quem precisa de uma cadeira de rodas, ou de uma muleta? Você já se sentou em uma e tentou viver seu dia sem sair dela?

Normas sobre portas e acessibilidade

A vida para quem usa cadeira de rodas é diferente da vida de quem anda em aspectos sobre os quais pensamos pouco. Uma pessoa que anda consegue passar por portas estreitas simplesmente girando um pouco o tronco, mas uma cadeira de rodas não permite isso. Por isso, os estabelecimentos precisam ficar atentos às normas de acessibilidade quando instalam suas portas, inclusive as portas automáticas, descritas na norma NBR 9050/2004. Ela foi criada para padronizar essas instalações e garantir que ao menos o mínimo será feito.

Uma das regras diz respeito à largura da porta: elas devem ter no mínimo 80 centímetros de largura, e isso vale para todas as portas:
• sanfonadas: o vão livre dessa porta deve ter essa medida mesmo com a porta totalmente recolhida, o que quase nunca acontece pois ela foi criada para espaços pequenos;
• portas vai-vem: cada metade deve ter 80 centímetros, não apenas a soma das duas. Isso permite que o cadeirante utilize apenas uma das metades, diminuindo o risco de acidentes ao acionar as duas com a cadeira. Outra instrução é que haja um visor de vidro nesta porta entre 40cm e 90cm a partir do piso, para que a pessoa de um lado veja se outra se aproxima pelo outro;
• portas automáticas: dadas as grandes dimensões das placas de vidro, estas costumam ter dimensões bastante grandes. No caso das portas com acionamento ótico, os sensores devem ser regulados para pessoas de baixa estatura, cadeirantes e crianças;
• demais modelos de portas.

Outras normas importantes

Você deve ter notado que toda a explicação acima diz respeito à visibilidade e à passagem em si pelas portas. Mas tem um outro detalhe sobre o qual não falamos, à exceção das portas automáticas: o acionamento delas. Uma porta automática abre e fecha sozinha, mas e as demais? Lá em cima, mencionei as maçanetas redondas, que tipicamente exigem um pouco mais de destreza para serem acionadas (quem nunca passou aperto ao tentar girar uma estando com as mãos engorduradas?). Se você se aproximasse de uma porta com essa maçaneta, porém sentado numa cadeira de rodas, como seria a “pega” nessa maçaneta?

O teste é fácil: sente-se numa poltrona em frente a porta e faça isso. Verá que a mecânica deste movimento fica totalmente diferente. A NBR9050/2004 também versa sobre isso e recomenda que as maçanetas instaladas em portas que prevejam a passagem de cadeirantes tenham maçaneta reta e na posição horizontal. Assim, um movimento simples e unidirecional já é suficiente para abrir a porta - inclusive em casos de emergência! Já imaginou o que é uma emergência para quem não tem como correr? Se a porta for automática, ele só precisa se aproximar e passar.

Outra coisa: a força necessária para abrir uma porta (que também não é problema nas portas automáticas). A abertura deve ser suave, mas nem sempre isso acontece, principalmente no caso das portas pivotantes e as portas com “braço” automático para mantê-las fechadas. Praticidade para uns, dificuldade para outros. Deve-se pensar sempre, em primeiro lugar, nos usuários com dificuldade de locomoção, para garantir a eles o direito de se locomover livremente mesmo que estejam desacompanhados de alguém para ajudá-los.

Finalizando: já viu em consultórios e repartições aquelas portas com uma espécie de proteção metálica na porção mais baixa delas? São exatamente para evitar acidentes caso as portas levem uma trombada mais forte de uma cadeira de rodas ou mesmo uma muleta. São especialmente importantes nas portas de vidro, mais fáceis de quebrar. Algumas pessoas não gostam dessa proteção por razões estéticas, mas um bom desenho da porta pode solucionar isso. Nas portas automáticas, essa proteção não é necessária pois se abrem antes do usuário ter contato com elas.

Resumindo:
Vão livre: as portas automáticas requerem mais espaço, mas fornecem os maiores vãos.
Facilidade de acionamento: elas se abrem e se fecham sozinhas, sem ação humana.
Maçaneta: não é necessária.
Visibilidade: garantida nos dois sentidos. 

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